Skorpedia: Skakmat, Istilah Catur dari Kesalahan Tafsir Bahasa Persia

Hedi Novianto

Editor:

  • Skakmat adalah istilah dalam permainan catur.
  • Makna skakmat adalah raja tak bisa lagi bergerak atau selamat.
  • Kata skakmat berasal dari kesalahan tafsir terhadap bahasa Persia.

SKOR.id - Dalam permainan catur, ada istilah skakmat yang berarti permainan sudah selesai karena raja sudah mati langkah.

Skakmat adalah istilah yang sangat populer dari permainan catur. Bahkan, skakmat punya 36 pola.

Antara lain skakmat Anastasia, skakmat terkurung (back-rank mate), atau skakmat Arab.

Ada pula skakmat yang kerap digunakan untuk trivia seperti varian dua langkah mati (fool's mate), tiga langkah mati, atau empat langkah mati (scholar's mate).

Bila diartikan secara bebas, skakmat bermakna raja lawan "telah mati". Ketika pemain melakukan skak, raja lawan tak akan bisa selamat atau menghindar sehingga "mati" (mat).

Dalam bahasa Inggris, skakmat disebut checkmate.

Istilah ini muncul pada pertengahan abad ke-14. Awalnya dari bahasa Persia pada 1789 yang menurut seorang ahli linguistik, Robert Barnhart, justru salah tafsir.

Barnhart menjelaskan bahwa orang non-Persia pada abad ke-14 menggunakan kata mat daripada mata.

Padahal dalam bahasa Persia, mat berarti "mencengangkan" atau "menakjubkan". Sedangkan kata mata berarti "mati" seperti shah mata dalam bahasa Arab.

Kesalahan tafsir pun akhirnya menjadi sumber yang dipercaya banyak kalangan. Shah mat menjadi istilah awal skakmat, termasuk checkmate dalam bahasa Inggris, dan eschec mat dalam bahasa Prancis kuno.

Secara harfiah, shah mat diartikan "raja tak berdaya" atau "raja sudah mati." Dan frasa ini justru digunakan di luar konteks permainan catur.

 
 
 
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Sebenarnya, masyarakat Persia pada tahun 700-800 menggunakan shah mat untuk memperingatkan raja bahwa serangan musuh datang.

Sedangkan dalam bahasa Pashto (Afganistan), kata mat masih eksis digunakan hingga kini, Artinya adalah "hancur" atau "rusak".

Adapun sebelum tahun 1600, permainan catur tidak mengenal skakmat. Kemenangan dalam permainan catur ditentukan dengan memakan semua bidak lawan sehingga hanya tersisa raja.

Saat ini masih ada atlet catur yang memainkan gaya itu meski tak lagi cukup umum. Gaya permainan non-skakmat itu disebut pembantaian atau robado.

Ikuti juga Instagram, Facebook, YouTube dan Twitter dari Skor Indonesia.

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Boling pernah menjadi olahraga terlarang di Inggris pada abad ke-14. Aturan pelarangan boling diterbitkan oleh Raja Edward III.

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